The following manuscripts have been published or are currently in press. Listings are in chronological order, unless otherwise noted.
| Title | Publication | Date/Location |
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| Longitudinal Examination of the Influence of Individual Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Clusters of Symptoms on the Initiation of Cigarette Smoking | Journal of Addiction Medicine | Sep/Oct;12(5):363-372 |
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Seelig AD, Bensley KM, Williams EC, Armenta RF, Rivera AC, Peterson AV, Jacobson IG, Littman AJ, Maynard C, Bricker JB, Rull RP, Boyko EJ for the Millennium Cohort Study Team This study examined the risk for smoking initiation by each of the 17 PTSD symptoms that characterize the disorder. No significant associations between specific PTSD symptoms and subsequent smoking initiation were observed in this study population. Among the subsample who screened positive for PTSD, "feeling irritable or having angry outbursts" and "feeling as though your future will somehow be cut short" were associated with a higher risk of subsequent smoking initiation. |
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| A Comparison of the PRIME-MD PHQ-9 and PHQ-8 in a Large Military Prospective Study, The Millennium Cohort Study | Journal of Affective Disorders | May 2013; 148(1): 77-83 |
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Wells TS, Horton JL, LeardMann CA, Jacobson IG, and Boyko EJ The PHQ-9 is a validated tool for depression screening, however recently an abbreviated version (PHQ-8) is increasingly being used in survey research that excludes the last and most sensitive item. This study compared the performance of the PHQ-8 with the PHQ-9 in a large, population-based sample of current and former military service members. Excellent agreement was detected between the two instruments, suggesting that the PHQ-8 performs well when screening for depression in similar populations. |
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| Combat Experience, New-Onset Mental Health Conditions, and Posttraumatic Growth in U.S. Service Members | Psychiatry | Fall 2021;84(3):276-290 |
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Jacobson IG, Adler AB, Roenfeldt KA, Porter,B., LeardMann CA, Rull RP, Hoge CW Research on posttraumatic growth (PTG) after traumatic experiences has raised questions on measurement, validity, and clinical utility. We longitudinally examined PTG among Millennium Cohort Study deployers (n=8,732), who screened negative for PTSD and depression at time 1, using a measure that improved upon previous psychometric issues. A strong inverse correlation was found between PTG scores at time 2 and new onset mental health problems (PTSD, depression), where lower growth scores correlated with worse mental health (i.e. higher PTSD or depression screening scores). Only 5% of participants who screened positive for a mental health problem at time 2 experienced positive growth. Results suggest that measurement of PTG is not independent from mental health problems following combat experiences and thus challenge the clinical utility of the PTG construct. |
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| Sleep Health Among US Navy Afloat Versus Ashore Personnel in the Millennium Cohort Study | Journal of Sleep Research | 2024 May 19 | doi:10.1111/jsr.14207 | Online ahead of print |
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Jacobson IG, Harbertson J, Sharifian N, Rull RP, Steele CT, Russell DW Among 4,953 active-duty naval personnel who completed the 2014-2016 Millennium Cohort survey, sleep metrics (e.g., fatigue, short sleep duration) and sleep-related health outcomes (e.g., PTSD, depression) were similar between sailors with recent sea and shore duty, while sailors with recent shore duty had poorer physical health (e.g., type 2 diabetes, bodily pain) compared with those with recent sea duty. |
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| Lifetime Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Post-Concussive Symptoms in the Millennium Cohort Study | Journal of Neurotrauma | 2024 March | doi: 10.1089/neu.2022.0213 |
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Jannace K, Pompeii L, Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D, Perkison WB, Yamal JM, Trone DW, Rull RP TBI was associated with greater risk of post-concussive symptoms (e.g., fatigue, poor concentration, memory loss) among active-duty service members with risk being greater as number of lifetime TBIs increased. |
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Health Administration Use, and Care-Seeking Among Recent-Era U.S. Veterans | Journal of Traumatic Stress | 2024 June | doi: 10.1002/jts.23019 |
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Porter B, Dozier ME, Seelig A, Zhu Y, Patoilo M, Boyko EJ, Rull RP Veterans with probable PTSD were more likely to use Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services than veterans without probable PTSD. Among these veterans with probable PTSD, those with recent VHA use were more likely to have reported seeking care for PTSD compared to those who did not use VHA services in the past year. |
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| Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Post-9/11 Era Veterans | Armed Forces & Society | 2024 July 25 | doi.org/10.1177/0095327X24125 | Online ahead of print |
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Metraux S, Kolaja CA, Crone B, Byrne T, Rull RP, Porter B Between 2001 and 2016, approximately 2% of 49,323 post-9/11 era Veterans experienced homelessness after military separation. Notable risk factors for homelessness in this population included identifying as non-Hispanic Black, identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, not having a college degree, enlisted pay grade, or receiving a general or other than honorable discharge status. |
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| Racial, Ethnic, and Sex Disparities in Mental Health Among U.S. Service Members and Veterans: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study | American Journal of Epidemiology | 2024 Feb 5 | doi: 10.1093/aje/kwad221 |
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Sharifian N, Kolaja CA, LeardMann CA, Castañeda SF, Carey FR, Seay JS, Carlton KN, Rull RP, Millennium Cohort Study Team Racial, ethnic, and sex disparities in mental health among service members and veterans persist, even after accounting for sociodemographic, military, health-related and social support factors. Despite increased availability to care among military populations, culturally relevant and targeted outreach are still needed to address these disparities. |
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| Three-Item Dimensions of Anger Reactions Scale | JAMA Network Open | 2024 Feb 5 | doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54741 |
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Forbes D, LeardMann CA, Lawrence-Wood E, Villalobos J, Madden K, Gutierrez IA, Cowlishaw S, Baur J, Adler AB Given the prevalence of problematic anger and its association with adverse outcomes, it is vital to develop a very brief measure that can be easily included in research and clinical contexts. Using data from two large military samples with current and former service members in Australia and the US, this study reported on a newly developed 3-item Dimensions of Anger Reactions (DAR-3) scale. The DAR-3 assesses anger intensity, frequency, and duration. Results were consistent across the samples in terms of the scale’s reliability, validity, and cut-off score. The DAR-3 has practical utility for military and veteran populations. |
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| Prospective Comparison of Risk Factors for Firearm Suicide and Non-Firearm Suicide in a Large Population-Based Cohort of Current and Former US Service Members: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study | The Lancet Regional Health – Americas | 2024 August | doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2024.100802 |
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LeardMann CA, Sharifian N, Warner S, Boyko EJ, Boparai SK, Powell TM, Rull RP, Reger MA, Hoge CW, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team In this prospective study of over 200,000 US current and former service members, risk factors were similar between firearm and non-firearm suicides. Suicide prevention and intervention strategies may benefit those at risk and may not need to be differentiated by specific demographic, military, or health factors. |
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