The following manuscripts have been published or are currently in press. Listings are in chronological order, unless otherwise noted.
| Title | Publication | Date/Location |
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| Sleep Characteristics, Mental Health, and Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Study of US Military Service Members in the Millennium Cohort Study | Diabetes Care | 2013 Oct;36(10):3154-61 |
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Boyko EJ, Seelig AD, Jacobson IG, Hooper TI, Smith B, Smith TC, Crum-Cianflone NF We investigated whether poor sleep and mental health symptoms were independently related to diabetes risk. During 6 years of follow-up, the annual incidence rate for type 2 diabetes was 3.6/1,000 person years. After adjusting for covariates including mental health disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, both trouble sleeping and sleep apnea significantly predicted diabetes risk independent of these mental health conditions and other diabetes risk factors. |
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| Risk of Diabetes in US Military Service Members in Relation to Combat Deployment and Mental Health | Diabetes Care | 2010 Aug;33(8):1771-7 |
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Boyko EJ, Jacobson IJ, Smith B, Ryan MAK, Hooper TI, Amoroso PJ, Gackstetter GD, Barrett-Connor E, Smith TC, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team Higher risk of new onset self-reported diabetes mellitus among cohort members was observed over three years of follow-up in persons with PTSD symptoms at baseline. This association was independent of age, gender, overall body adiposity, and the presence of other mental health conditions. There was no independent association of new onset diabetes with deployment in support of OEF/OIF. |
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| Risk Factors for Relapse to Problem Drinking Among Current and Former US Military Personnel: A Prospective Study of the Millennium Cohort. | Drug and Alcohol Dependence | 2015; 148:93-101. |
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Williams EC, Frasco MA, Jacobson IG, Maynard C, Littman AJ, Seelig AD, Crum-Cianflone NF, Nagel A, Boyko EJ. This study investigated demographic, military, behavioral, and health characteristics associated with relapse among current and former military members with remittent problem drinking. The findings from this study suggest 16% of this population relapse. Several military and non-military characteristics were found to predict relapse, including being in the Reserve/National Guard compared to Active-duty and screening positive for mental health conditions. Targeted intervention to prevent relapse may be indicated for particular subgroups. |
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| Prior Assault and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Combat Deployment | Epidemiology | 2008 May;19(3):505-12 |
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Smith TC, Wingard DL, Ryan MAK, Kritz-Silverstein D, Slymen DJ, Sallis JF, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team In contrast to hypotheses that survival from trauma represents or confers resilience, these findings suggest vulnerability to combat stress and PTSD among survivors of prior assault. |
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| Postcards Encourage Participant Updates | Epidemiology | 2009 Mar;20(2):313-4 |
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Welch KE, LeardMann CA, Jacobson IG, Speigle SJ, Smith B, Smith TC, Ryan MAK, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team The results of this study quantify and confirm that semiannual appreciatory contact is an effective way to maintain communication with a highly mobile participant population while prompting updates of contact information. |
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| Prior Health Care Utilization as a Determinant to Enrollment in a 21-Year Prospective Study, the Millennium Cohort Study | European Journal of Epidemiology | 2008 Feb;23(2):79-87 |
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Wells TS, Jacobson IG, Smith TC, Spooner CN, Smith B, Reed RJ, Amoroso PJ, Ryan MAK, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team Few health differences between Millennium Cohort responders and non-responders were found when comparing healthcare utilization in the 12 months preceding study invitation. |
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| Pre-incentive Efficacy in Survey Response Rates in a Large Prospective Military Cohort | Field Methods | 2023 Mar 17 | doi: 10.1177/1525822X231163668 |
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Powell TM, Geronimo-Hara TR, Tobin LE, Donoho CJ, Sheppard BD, Walstrom JL, Rull RP, Faix DJ U.S. military and veteran populations are challenging to retain in longitudinal studies as they span the globe, frequently move, and are heavily surveyed. This study tested the effectiveness of multiple pre-incentives ($2 bill, $5 gift card, magnet, and Apple iPad lottery entry) on increasing the response rate to the 2014 survey of the Millennium Cohort Study. Findings suggest that providing participants a monetary pre-incentive was an effective way to increase response rates and participant retention as well as re-engage participants who did not respond to a previous follow-up survey. |
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| Single and repeated high-level blast, low-level blast, and new-onset self-reported health conditions in the U.S. Millennium Cohort Study: An exploratory investigation | Frontiers in Neurology | 2023 Mar 21 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.20 |
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Belding JN, Kolaja CA, Rull RP, Trone DW for the Millennium Cohort Study Team This study examined whether single and repeated high-level blast exposure (e.g., from incoming munitions) and low-level blast exposure (e.g., from outgoing munitions) were associated with 45 different self-reported diagnoses of illness and injury. Outcomes examined included PTSD, depression, hearing loss, tinnitus, chronic fatigue syndrome, and migraines. Findings suggest that blast exposure elevated risks for more than 20 different diagnoses and that repeated exposure was associated with worse outcomes. |
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| Headache Disorders in the Millennium Cohort: Epidemiology and Relations with Combat Deployment | Headache | 2011 Jul-Aug;51(7);1098-1111 |
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Jankosky C, Hooper TI, Granado NS, Scher A, Gackstetter GD, Boyko EJ, Smith TC, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team Deployed personnel with reported combat exposure appear to represent a higher risk group for new-onset headache disorders. The identification of populations at higher risk for development of headache provides support for targeted interventions. |
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| Smoking Among U.S. Service Members Following Transition From Military to Veteran Status | Health Promotion Practice | 2020 Jan;21(1_suppl):165S-175S |
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Nieh C, Powell TM, Gackstetter GD, Hooper TI This study examined whether the time period just prior to military separation or the reasons for separation were associated with smoking among veterans. We found that service members are more likely to smoke when closer to their military separation date. The smoking prevalence among service members separating within 3 months was 23%, whereas 17% was observed among those separating in 2+ years. We also found that veterans who were heavy drinkers were 50% more likely to smoke and those with a standards/judicial-related separation reason were 69% more likely to smoke. |
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