The following manuscripts have been published or are currently in press. Listings are in chronological order, unless otherwise noted.
| Title | Publication | Date/Location |
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| Pre-incentive Efficacy in Survey Response Rates in a Large Prospective Military Cohort | Field Methods | 2023 Mar 17 | doi: 10.1177/1525822X231163668 |
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Powell TM, Geronimo-Hara TR, Tobin LE, Donoho CJ, Sheppard BD, Walstrom JL, Rull RP, Faix DJ U.S. military and veteran populations are challenging to retain in longitudinal studies as they span the globe, frequently move, and are heavily surveyed. This study tested the effectiveness of multiple pre-incentives ($2 bill, $5 gift card, magnet, and Apple iPad lottery entry) on increasing the response rate to the 2014 survey of the Millennium Cohort Study. Findings suggest that providing participants a monetary pre-incentive was an effective way to increase response rates and participant retention as well as re-engage participants who did not respond to a previous follow-up survey. |
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| Prior Health Care Utilization as a Determinant to Enrollment in a 21-Year Prospective Study, the Millennium Cohort Study | European Journal of Epidemiology | 2008 Feb;23(2):79-87 |
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Wells TS, Jacobson IG, Smith TC, Spooner CN, Smith B, Reed RJ, Amoroso PJ, Ryan MAK, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team Few health differences between Millennium Cohort responders and non-responders were found when comparing healthcare utilization in the 12 months preceding study invitation. |
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| Prior Assault and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Combat Deployment | Epidemiology | 2008 May;19(3):505-12 |
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Smith TC, Wingard DL, Ryan MAK, Kritz-Silverstein D, Slymen DJ, Sallis JF, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team In contrast to hypotheses that survival from trauma represents or confers resilience, these findings suggest vulnerability to combat stress and PTSD among survivors of prior assault. |
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| Postcards Encourage Participant Updates | Epidemiology | 2009 Mar;20(2):313-4 |
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Welch KE, LeardMann CA, Jacobson IG, Speigle SJ, Smith B, Smith TC, Ryan MAK, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team The results of this study quantify and confirm that semiannual appreciatory contact is an effective way to maintain communication with a highly mobile participant population while prompting updates of contact information. |
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| Risk Factors for Relapse to Problem Drinking Among Current and Former US Military Personnel: A Prospective Study of the Millennium Cohort. | Drug and Alcohol Dependence | 2015; 148:93-101. |
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Williams EC, Frasco MA, Jacobson IG, Maynard C, Littman AJ, Seelig AD, Crum-Cianflone NF, Nagel A, Boyko EJ. This study investigated demographic, military, behavioral, and health characteristics associated with relapse among current and former military members with remittent problem drinking. The findings from this study suggest 16% of this population relapse. Several military and non-military characteristics were found to predict relapse, including being in the Reserve/National Guard compared to Active-duty and screening positive for mental health conditions. Targeted intervention to prevent relapse may be indicated for particular subgroups. |
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| Sleep Characteristics, Mental Health, and Diabetes Risk: A Prospective Study of US Military Service Members in the Millennium Cohort Study | Diabetes Care | 2013 Oct;36(10):3154-61 |
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Boyko EJ, Seelig AD, Jacobson IG, Hooper TI, Smith B, Smith TC, Crum-Cianflone NF We investigated whether poor sleep and mental health symptoms were independently related to diabetes risk. During 6 years of follow-up, the annual incidence rate for type 2 diabetes was 3.6/1,000 person years. After adjusting for covariates including mental health disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, both trouble sleeping and sleep apnea significantly predicted diabetes risk independent of these mental health conditions and other diabetes risk factors. |
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| Risk of Diabetes in US Military Service Members in Relation to Combat Deployment and Mental Health | Diabetes Care | 2010 Aug;33(8):1771-7 |
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Boyko EJ, Jacobson IJ, Smith B, Ryan MAK, Hooper TI, Amoroso PJ, Gackstetter GD, Barrett-Connor E, Smith TC, for the Millennium Cohort Study Team Higher risk of new onset self-reported diabetes mellitus among cohort members was observed over three years of follow-up in persons with PTSD symptoms at baseline. This association was independent of age, gender, overall body adiposity, and the presence of other mental health conditions. There was no independent association of new onset diabetes with deployment in support of OEF/OIF. |
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| A temporal analysis of mental health symptoms relative to separation from the military | Depression and Anxiety | 2022 Apr;39(4):334- 343 |
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Porter B, Carey FR, Roenfeldt KA, Rull RP, Castro CA This paper examined mental health symptoms among 23,887 active duty Millennium Cohort Study participants who completed a survey within one year of their separation from the military. While significant, timing prior to or after separation did not have a practical impact on mental health among all study participants, accounting for less than 0.2% of variance in mental health symptoms. However, among participants with Other Than Honorable or General discharges, timing to separation accounted for 5.1% and 3.6% of the variance in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms, respectively; mental health symptoms increased among these participants around the time of separation and remained elevated in the period following separation. Increased outreach at the time of separation and post-separation is needed for service members with bad paper discharges. |
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| Impact of Combat Deployment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Newly Reported Coronary Heart Disease Among US Active Duty and Reserve Forces | Circulation | 2014;129:1813-1820 |
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Crum-Cianflone NF, Bagnell ME, Schaller E, Boyko EJ, Smith B, Maynard C, Ulmer CS, Vernalis M and Smith TC This study evaluated the association of combat deployments and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on coronary heart disease among a young cohort of US service members. Experiencing combat deployment was associated with an increased odds of coronary heart disease by both self-report and medical record diagnosis after adjustment for demographic, military, and mental health characteristics. Screening positive for PTSD was not associated with CHD after adjustment. This study demonstrates that intense and acute stressful life experiences may increase the risk for coronary heart disease over a relatively short period among young adults. |
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| Risk and Protective Factors for Cancer Mortality Among United States Service Members and Veterans (2001-2018) | Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | 2023 May 1 | doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-22-0943 |
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Sharifian N, Carey FR, Seay JS, Castaneda SF, Boyko EJ, Rull RP This longitudinal study used data from the Millennium Cohort Study (2001-2018) to examine risk and protective factors for cancer mortality among service members and veterans. Compared with those who deployed without combat experiences, non-deployers were more likely to die from cancer, consistent with the healthy deployer effect. |
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